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Nicotine - Scientific Review on Usage, Dosage, Side Effects. Source and Structure. Sources and Cigarettes. Nicotine is the primary tobacco alkaloid (with minor alkaloids being nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine) and exists in tobacco leaves to act as a pesticide, to kill insects that attempt to feed on the tobacco plant (a similar origin as a 'phytoalexin' to both Resveratrol and Caffeine). Structure. Below is the structure of Nicotine and its primary metabolite, Cotinine: 2. Pharmacology. 2. 1. Absorption (Smoking)Nicotine is normally a weak base with a p. Ka of 8. 0 and in acidic environments where nicotine tends to exist in its ionized state it cannot easily cross membranes. Acidic environments prevail with many flue- cured cigarettes (p. H 5. 5- 6. 0) and as such nicotine does not easily cross the buccal (mouth) membrane in these instances. Absorption (Other)Chewing tobacco, gum and snuff are buffered to make their p. H more alkaline, to facilitate transfer across the buccal layer. This lesser bioavailability is due to some intestinal absorption of nicotine from swallowed saliva, which is subject to first- pass metabolism. Serum Kinetics. In some studies on smoking cigarettes, the Tmax of nicotine (time to peak concentration) appears to coincide with finishing the cigarette, while oral snuff and chewing tobacco are slightly delayed (and not as easily titrated) and nicotine gum fails to reach the same Cmax (high concentration) as an equal dose of nicotine via chewing tobacco or cigarettes. Distribution. In the blood, the p. SIDE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE PATCHES Before you choose your method to quit, let's discuss the good and bad effects of the nicotine patch. They are used by millions of. Another approach to considering the long-term effects of NRT would be to. Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. H being 7. 4 denotes that nicotine is in a 6. Neural Kinetics. Due to the rapid transit of smoke to the lungs as well as the rapid absorption of nicotine in the lungs, nicotine can be detected in the brain tissue within 1. Information on the side effects of nicotine patches. The most common side effect of the nicotine patch is a rash on the skin where the patch. Read more about the prescription drug nicotine patch (Nicoderm CQ, Habitrol) for smoking cessation. SIDE EFFECTS: Nicotine patches can cause the following side. Find patient medical information for nicotine transdermal on WebMD including its uses, side effects. NICOTINE SIDE EFFECTS. Drug information provided by: Micromedex. Nicotine (Transdermal Route) Mayo Clinic Footer. Request Appointment; Give Now; Contact Us; About Mayo Clinic. Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. What are the long-term adverse effects of nicotine patch or gum use. What are the bad side effects of nicotine. Does long-term use of nicotine patch produce the. Metabolism. Nicotine undergoes vast metabolism in the body which varies by pathway, although its main metabolic pathway is via continine (7. Enzymatic Interactions. Aromatase (CYP1. A1/2) appears to be inhibited by nicotine, with an IC5. M. Fairly weakly when looking at the concentration required to inhibit 5. That being said, one study using intravenous nicotine administration to baboons (at levels to mimic cigarette smoking; 0. Neurophysiology. Nicotine ingestion (in smokers) act to increase neuronal activity in the frontal and cingulate regions of the brain as well as the nuclear accumbens and amygdala; areas of the brain involved in addiction patterns. Attention and Reaction Time. A meta- analysis on nicotine and its cognitive effects in humans concluded that there was significant evidence for nicotine in enhancing attention (both alerting and orienting subsets, the former of which is 'maintaining an alert state' and the latter 'directing attention to sensory events'). Reliable improvements in attention are seen with various doses of nicotine in a somewhat dose- dependent manner. Improvements in directing and keeping attention on stimuli are seen with improved accuracy, and improvements are seen in switching attention between stimuli but the accuracy on switching may not be as reliable. Anxiety and Depression. In a study on minor cognitive decline in nonsmokers, it was demonstrated that 1. Worries and Anxiety subscales, indicative of an anxiolytic effect. Aphrodisia. One study testing basic cigarettes against nicotine- free cigarettes noted that sexual effects manifested from blood flow (the measurement in this study was penile diameter) were negatively influenced by the nicotine containing cigarette only, suggesting nicotine could be an anti- sexuality compound. Cognition. Improvements in memory, specifically short- term episodic memory, have been found to be significant in a meta- analysis on nicotine. Fatigue. Nicotine has been shown to reduce neural fatigue when the subjects are stratified to a group with higher baseline impulsivity (lower self control), with no significant effect in persons with lower impulsivity. Reward. In a study of non- smokers, nicotine patches at 1. Impulsivity. In a study on smokers who were also gamblers, it was noted that despite 4mg nicotine (via inhaler) being able to suppress cravings for cigarettes that it did not have any influence on gambling behaviour relative to placebo. Mechanisms. The current theory for mechanisms behind nicotine dependence is activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (n. ACh. Rs) on mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. GABAergic neurons, which are expressed plentifully in the VTA. Mechanisms are in line with the notion that prolonged exposure to consistently high levels of nicotine is associated with greater addiction risk. Enhanced dopamine release has been noted in dependent smokers, and was seemingly absent in non- smokers in this study. Kinetics. One aspect of the rewarding portion of nicotine is the speed of which it reaches the brain, and association with perceived rewards. Smoked nicotine can reach neural tissue in 1. These rates of dependence are less than that seen with cigarettes. Sex. There appears to be a sexual dimorphism when it comes to addiction to nicotine (in this section, sometimes used interchangeably with cigarettes), as female smokers appear to require less overall exposure to nicotine/smoking to become dependent and have more difficulty quitting. Dependency. Cigarettes (not nicotine per se) are used by 1. American population (2. Heart Rate. 6mg of Nicotine gum, given to 2. Inflammation and Glucose Metabolism. Secondary to Nicotine's anti- inflammatory effects, there is potential for nicotine to induce insulin sensitivity if the underlying mechanism of resistance is from excessive inflammation, and this occurred in rats without alterations in body weight. Interventions. Cigarette smoking per se can negatively influence glucose metabolism. Insulin Sensitivity after Smoking Cessation. A known phenomenon with smoking cessation is a gain of weight, usually body fat; this tends to be a mixture of reduced metabolic rate paired with excessive caloric intake although it is attributed in part to increased insulin sensitivity after smoking cessation. Mechanisms. Nicotine is able to induce AMPK activity in adipocytes, which is associated with a time and concentration dependent increase in lipolysis. A reduction of nicotine- induced lipolysis has been noted elsewhere with blocking the beta- adrenergic receptors. This is not the only mechanism, but appears to be the major one. Activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on fat cells is associated with reduced secretion of pro- inflammatory TNF- a. Metabolic Rate. In otherwise healthy men, chewing nicotine gum containing 1- 2mg of nicotine increases metabolic rate (indirect calorietry) via 3. Interventions. In rodents, nicotine is able to reduce body fat in both high- fat fed. The changes have been noted with doses as low as 0. Animal interventions note a reliable increase in lipolysis and metabolic rate, which is attenuated over time (low dose nicotine eventually becoming not significantly different than placebo, with higher doses required to maintain lipolysis). Increase in metabolic rate may simply be due to more catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)One study using nicotine patches in 5. Rebound Weight Gain. A known phenomenon with smoking cessation is a gain of weight, mostly body fat, which tends to be due to a reduced metabolic rate paired with increased food intake. The inherent weight regain that is associated with smoking cessation (of which nicotine replacement therapy encourages) could potentially explain part of this, as could desensitization to the appetite suppression from nicotine. Skeletal Muscle. 8. Mechanisms. Nicotine has once been demonstrated to activate m. TOR when incubated in skeletal muscle cultures. Mechanisms. Nicotine appears to exert anti- inflammatory properties via its actions as a cholinergic agonist. Ulcerative Colitis. It was observed in epidemiological research that smokers have less risk for ulcerative colitis, with a relative risk of 0. Urinary NNN is found in nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke as well, which studies have not controlled for (could potentially explain variability)1. Lung. Activation of the . Testosterone. Both nicotine and its metabolite cotinine appear to appear to negatively influence testicular structure and circulating testosterone levels. This may be sufficient to suspect that testosterone does not reduce testosterone in practical settings, but cannot establish if nicotine increases testosterone. Estrogen. Nicotine has been shown to be an Aromatase inhibitor in vivo after baboons are injected with a concentration of nicotine (0. L) able to be reached after a cigarette. The degree of change noted in these studies may be higher than can be accredited to nicotine due to other tobacco alkaloids. In studies that look at serum estrogen levels, one rat study noted that circulating estradiol levels were reduced when averaged out over 4 estrus cycles when compared to normal control as quickly as 4 days afterwards; showing some variability in degree of decrease. Luteinizing Hormone. Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle- Stimulating hormone appear to be reduced by 4. Prolactin. Cigarette smoking in dependent smokers is associated with an increase in prolactin levels within 6 minutes of the cigarette, remaining elevated for 4. Caffeine. Usage of Caffeine and nicotine, usually via Coffee and tobacco, are positively correlated in society; smokers tending to also be persons who consume caffeine at higher levels or frequencies than nonsmokers. Alcohol. Drinking Alcohol, known as ethanol, is a social drug used in similar demographics as many nicotine users. Their usage in society is highly correlated. This decrement of short- term memory processing has been reported before, and the group consuming the combination performs worse than placebo and ethanol alone. N- Acetyl. Cysteine. N- Acetyl. Cysteine (NAC) is a bioavailable form of the amino acid Cysteine (found in high amounts in Whey Protein) that has been investigated for its role in reducing nicotine dependence. If Pakistan and India Clash: 5 Pakistani Weapons of War India Should Fear. While India's military might be larger, Pakistan can still pack quite a punch. Editor’s Note: Please also check out “Five Indian Weapons of War Pakistan Should Fear.”Since 1. Pakistan has played second fiddle to a larger, stronger India. Despite spending 5. GDP on defense than India, Pakistan is militarily much weaker than India, and would lose in any conventional war. Like North Korea, Pakistan is a weakening state that invested in nuclear weapons as an inexpensive way to assure territorial integrity. An invasion of Pakistan is now likely extremely dangerous and one of the surest ways to a nuclear war. In that respect, Pakistan’s nuclear program can be considered a success. Pakistan practices a particularly brutal form of realpolitik that involves constantly playing one party against another, to distract all parties from Pakistan’s own weakness. In support of such a policy it has evolved a wide spectrum of destructive tools, from terrorist groups to nuclear weapons. All of these tools are arrayed against India. If Pakistan and India Clash: 5 Pakistani Weapons of War India Should Fear. Pakistan’s nuclear program can be considered a success. China can't stop India's missile. Foreign Policy magazine designated the US-India joint anti-missile program as. Pakistan ARMY Nuclear Missile Program. Lesson To Enemies Like India. Pakistan vs India Missile New Technology - Duration: 13:03. Military Power 514,486 views. 13:03 New Pakistani Drone Technology. From terrorism to nuclear war, India has to consider a wide array of contingencies it could face from Pakistan. Here are five of the most dangerous weapons India could face in any contingency. JF- 1. 7 Thunder Fighter Bomber: A low- cost, single- engine multirole fighter, the JF- 1. Thunder” was jointly designed by the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group (developers of the J- 2. Pakistan Aeronautical Complex. Two hundred JF- 1. Pakistani Air Force, a significant upgrade over the existing Mirage III, Mirage V, and Chengdu F- 7 fighters. The JF- 1. 7 is destined to become the backbone of the Pakistani Air Force’s fighter fleet. Pakistan, traditionally a strong customer for American weapons, purchased several dozen F- 1. India’s missile programme can nuclearise Indian Ocean: Pakistan PTI. India; Missile program; Indian. After the missile was fired into the Arabian Sea on Monday, the head of the military unit that oversees Pakistan’s nuclear program congratulated scientists and. 1994 Freedom of Information Act request for a copy of 'Report to Congress on Status of China, India and Pakistan Nuclear and Ballistic. Report to Congress on Status of China, India and. Pakistan fires tit-for-tat missile after India tested it's own Agni-V. By Mail Today Reporter. Published: 18:53 EST, 25 April 2012 . Pakistan missile programme has blossomed with Chinese. Pakistani and Indian Missile Forces. Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE), India. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Fighting Falcons in the 1. The first 4. 0 were delivered but a second batch of 2. American disapproval over Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program. This delay sparked an effort by Pakistan to diversify the sources of its weapons. The need for fighters coincided with China’s burgeoning military aviation industry, and the JF- 1. Thunder was born. The JF- 1. 7 outwardly appears similar to existing Pakistani Air Force fighters, in particular the French Mirage V and the American F- 1. Fighting Falcon. This is probably not a coincidence, and hints at extensive Chinese study of both fighters. First flight for the JF- 1. Chengdu, China in August 2. JF- 1. 7 Thunder has an extensive suite of features common to modern fighters: a fly- by- wire control system, pulse- Doppler radar for detection and air to air engagement, in- flight refueling capability, a laser designator for ground attack, an advanced defensive countermeasures suite, and an ergonomic cockpit featuring a heads- up display and full- color digital displays. It continues to benefit from the breakneck pace of Chinese aerospace development, with new engines, a new electro- optical, helmet- mounted targeting system and avionics upgrades all planned for the near future. The JF- 1. 7 has five weapons hardpoints that can carry a total of 8,0. Air- to- air weapons are supplied by China, with PL- 5 and PL- 9 short- range infrared missiles occupying the two wingtip hardpoints. For beyond visual- range engagements, the JF- 1. Chinese PL- 1. 2 active- radar homing missile. Air- to- ground weapons are less well known but would likely include various forms of unguided “dumb” bombs, laser- guided bombs, rocket pods, precision- guided missiles and anti- ship missiles. Khalid- Class Submarine: The Pakistani Navy is heavily outmatched by the Indian Navy in nearly all respects. The Indian Navy has more people, more ships and more planes. In terms of technology, it is far outstripping Pakistan. Pakistan’s most useful naval assets against India are its three Khalid- class diesel electric attack submarines. These submarines alone could practice an “anti- access, area- denial” (A2/AD) strategy of their own against an Indian Navy attempting to impose a blockade on Karachi and ports west. The three Khalid- class submarines are modernized versions of the French Agosta- class diesel electric submarines. Khalid, Saad and Hamza are relatively small, weighing in at 2,0. The Khalid class can make 1. All three submarines have been fitted with an air independent propulsion system, allowing them to stay submerged—where they are difficult to detect—for greater periods. Armament for the Khalid class is in the form of four 5. The torpedo tubes can be used to launch French- made ECAN F1. Mod 2 wire- guided torpedoes. Capable of both active and passive homing, the F1. Mod 2 can deliver a 2. At longer ranges, the submarines can strike targets with the famous Exocet anti- ship missile. 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Is it a healthy weight loss program? Well, let. Basically, I take care of my body.”Alyssa Milano. This type of weight loss diet plan is best known to consume a low calorie diet plan wherein each meal as well as snacks has to be 4- % of calories coming from carbohydrates, 3- % from protein, and the remaining 3. It is otherwise termed as the 4. Do you want to know more about Alyssa Milano? Well, you may read the book regarding The Zone Diet plan. During her free days, usually on Sunday, she allows herself to have a cheat day from her weight loss diet plan. She eats whatever she wants to consume. Alyssa loves sushi plus her mother. Her role on Who’s The Boss? She claims to run at least three miles a day as part of her daily fitness exercise program regimen that is the starting activity of her day. But Alyssa. 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Like a lot of other A- list Hollywood celebrities, her healthy weight loss program which combines a healthy weight loss diet plan and a fitness exercise program was greatly influenced by her personal fitness trainer, Gunnar Peterson. Read more about this celebrity trainer, Gunnar Peterson in our celebrity trainers page! Alyssa does her fitness training exercise program with him to get her body in great shape using the Core Secrets system exercise program.“My healthy weight loss program especially my fitness exercise program sounds like a lot of work, but it’s really fun, and it’s worth it.” Alyssa shares. Alyssa Milano speaks out about weight loss eight months after second child. Alyssa Milano's goal weight is now in sight eight months after she welcomed her second child. But the 4. 2- year- old did not hold back when she revealed her struggles to snap back into shape on Monday. The mother- of- two addressed her efforts when she tweeted, 'The last 1. B****H.'New mother: Alyssa Milano - pictured in Hollywood in March - revealed her struggles with weight loss on Twitter. Outspoken: Alyssa didn't hold back when she revealed the challenge on Monday. Svelte: The actress looking good in 2. The actress, who welcomed daughter Elizabella with husband David Bugliari in September, appeared to be in no rush to bounce back into shape in a recent interview with Yahoo. The actress and her husband are also parents to three- year- old son Milo. It appears the actress has learned to embrace her post- pregnancy body. She recently revealed on The Talk that she loves her stretch marks. The Charmed star cosied up to her son Milo, while her husband David Bugliari cradled their daughter Elizabella in a Facebook snap shared on New Year's Eve 2. The actress landed in London when she was told she would not be permitted to leave the airport with the milk she had just pumped on board her flight. The new mother cuddled up to her baby daughter in December. Alyssa reflected on the incident when she told Yahoo, 'I think mothers could totally identify with the horror that I watched them pour out 1. If you've ever tried to breastfeed you know that 1. The star now has more time to devote to parenthood, as she announced she quit her role on Mistresses in September. She revealed she made the decision when the show ended up relocating from Los Angeles to Vancouver, Canada. Need for speed: The actress and her family attended a NASCAR race in Florida in March. Pitt Public Health epidemiology graduate programs provide a practical and clinically relevant educational experience. Learn more about our epidemiology paths. U- M School of Public Health Epidemiology M. P. H. Programs. General Epidemiology (Epidemiology Methods and Applications)The major components of the M. Epidemiology Master's Program. We welcome and review applications throughout the year, however, applications should be received by March 15 to be guaranteed.P. H. Faculty research projects and internships cover. Native Americans and Arab Americans. Examples include courses in cancer epidemiology. Graduation Requirements page. Coursework includes epidemiology, biostatistics, and lecture and. Both programs are intended to. Many of our applicants hold a bachelor's degree with a major in biology. The 4. 2- credit- hour program emphasizes laboratory. The 6. 0- credit- hour. Students in the 6. Examples include courses in cancer epidemiology. Topics related to these collaborations include. Internship opportunities. Students who majored in mathematics, chemistry or one of the social sciences. Curriculum: departmental requirements include courses in international health, epidemiologic methods. Our researchers examine exposures. Health outcomes investigated range from asthma. Our faculty characterize exposures, explore. The MPH degree in O. E. E. Students in both the M. P. H. Our faculty have expertise in numerous health endpoints such. Research is also ongoing to understand.
Existing study populations include community. Michigan, New England, California, and Mexico, as well as. South Africa, and many other countries. Admissions. Visit the Admissions & Aid section of the U- M SPH site for details on the application process and financial aid options. Funding for. support of a limited number of students and postdoctoral fellows is available through. Best MPH Epidemiology Degree Programs + Online Options. The field of epidemiology, like public health overall, is experiencing a strong growth trend. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the field will grow by 1. So, epidemiology is a strong career option if you are interested in helping people and having a financially rewarding career. Featured MPH Programs for Epidemiology. Our research determined that the following 1. Johns Hopkins University. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The MPH program in epidemiology is especially suited for public health professionals who are interesting in developing keen analytical and quantitative skills in both epidemiology and biostatistics. This program is fully accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and is a member of the North Central Association. It also is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)The program is designed for students who have strong quantitative backgrounds who want to gain more refined skills in epidemiologic study design and data analysis. Tuition. Tuition for the part time MPH program at Johns Hopkins University is $9. University of Michigan. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The mission of the Department of Epidemiology is to provide a real and lasting contribution to the reduction of disease in human populations. It does this through education, research and service around the world. The mission of the program in education is to train professional students to be able to generate and interpret critical epidemiologic information, and to be able to synthesize it with other information. The goal is to reduce the disease burden around the world. People who graduate from this program are ready to be leaders in public health research and in public health organizations around the world. The program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. The tuition for the cost is $1. Michigan residents, and $2. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The department of epidemiology at UNC is focused on developing and applying new research methods to better understand the causes and patterns of diseases and poor health. It also seeks to apply that knowledge to boost the health of at risk populations. The university provides the strongest training in both research methods and opportunities to apply epidemiology to a wider range of health problems through the department’s research. This program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. Tuition is $5. Columbia University. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The MPH in Epidemiology program at Columbia University stresses interdisciplinary research that is applied to many complex health problems int he world today. This department is centered around several core areas of critical public health research: Chronic disease epidemiology. Infectious disease epidemiology. Injury epidemiology. Lifecourse epidemiology. Social epidemiology. This department sponsors and funds many training programs for both doctoral and post doctoral students in cancer, family planning, nutrition and population health, disease epidemiology and much more. The epidemiology program at Columbia is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. The annual tuition is $3. MPH program.#5 Emory University. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The department of epidemiology offers several degrees with a concentration in epidemiology, including the MPH, the MSPH and a Ph. D. All of these programs are designed for people who have a very strong background in biology and chemistry. The major focus on this program is in analytic processes and methodology. Many of the graduates of this highly rated program opt for careers in academia and also for research roles in public and private organizations. The epidemiology program at Emory is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. This program costs $1. University of Washington. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The department of epidemiology is one of the highest rates programs in the US, with 7. There also are more than 1. The research done by the faculty is very interdisciplinary and it includes a broad array of topics, such as cancer, AIDS, heart disease, child and maternal health, and Alzheimer’s disease. This epidemiology program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. Full time tuition is $4. University of California- Berkeley. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The University of California- Berkeley offers two MPH programs that are focused on epidemiology and also biostatistics. The one year program will prepare you for either teaching or research work in various schools of public health, and also the medical and health sciences. This program is mainly for doctors, dentists, vets and post- doc professionals. This is a highly intensive program in epidemiology that takes one year to complete full time. You will need to take highly advanced classes in epidemiology and biostatistics. The other option is a two year program in both epidemiology and biostatistics for the student who does not have a strong background in medicine or the health field. Both of the epidemiology programs are accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. Tuition for this program is $5. Boston University. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. As a student in this top ranked epidemiology department, you will learn how to design, conduct, analyze and interpret vital epidemiological research. These are skills that are essential for a career in epidemiology or for further study in this growing field. You also will discover how to to work in collaboration on teams that do highly complex studies on the risk factors and the distribution of diseases. This top rated program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). Tuition. Tution for this program is $1. University of Pittsburgh. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The department of epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh is one of the leading research and prevention organizations in the US, and it is highly rated by US News and World Report. Students in this accredited program are trained to evaluate and respond to major public health issues in chronic disease prevention, aging, reproductive health, infectious diseases and environmental health. The epidemiology program is fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)Tuition. Full time tuition for this program is $1. PA residents, and $1. Tulane University. MPH in Epidemiology. Summary. The mission of this program is to have a leading role in the overall improvement of global health. This is done through a high level of research, education, and service at all levels around the world. This program has a high degree of expertise in research in the epidemiology of many diseases, such as heart, infectious diseases, reproductive health and cancer. This program, accredited by CEPH, seeks to provide students with highly advanced knowledge regarding the many critical threats to public health. It also seeks to translate this research into excellent training for the next generation of public health professionals. Tuition. Annual tuition for this program is $4. ZARA Official Website. Tenerife, Arona, Canarias, Spain. Commercial Center: The Patch; Street: Calle Mexico; City / Place: Playa de las Americas; Postcode: 38660; Municipality: Arona; Province: Santa Cruz de Tenerife; Island / Country: Tenerife, Spain. Tenerife Pool Superleague Venues Page. Address CC The Patch., Calle Rodeo Next to Club Tenerife, opposite restaurant Don Quiote Los. Immagini.site - foto ed immagini. The Patch, Playa de las Americas: See 37 unbiased reviews of The Patch, rated 3.5 of 5 on TripAdvisor and ranked #214 of 257 restaurants in Playa de las Americas. Hindu wedding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A Hindu wedding is Vivaha or . The ceremonies are very colourful, and celebrations may extend for several days. The bride's and groom's home . Nevertheless, there are a few key rituals common in North Indian Hindu weddings . The primary witness of a Hindu marriage is the fire- deity (or the Sacred Fire) Agni, where as in South Indian tradition reciting holy chant with or without Sacred Fire is very common form of ritual, in the presence of family and friends. The local language of the bride and groom is also used. THE HINDU MARRIAGE ACT. In case of marriage before 1955 act. Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Knowledgebase. New Niger: Statistics Law. New Niger: Civil Registration and Vital Statistics. The pre- wedding and post- wedding rituals and celebrations vary by region, preferences or the resources of the groom, bride and their families. They can range from one day to multi- day events. Pre- wedding ceremonies include engagement (involving vagdana or betrothal and lagna- patra written declaration). The post- wedding ceremonies may include Abhishek, Anna Prashashan, Aashirvadah, and Grihapravesa . The wedding marks the start of Grihastha (householder) stage of life for the new couple. In India, by law and tradition, no Hindu marriage is binding and complete unless the ritual of seven steps and vows in presence of fire (Saptapadi) is completed by the bride and the groom together. The body art is produced from a mixture of henna and turmeric, and it symbolizes 'awakening of inner light'. The groom, bride and families willingly concur with the proposal. The two families and relatives meet, the girl is ceremoniously decorated, the father gifts away his daughter in betrothal, and a vedic marriage ceremony is conducted. Free download as Word Doc (.doc /.docx), PDF File (.pdf). Hindu Marriage Act 1955. Hindu Marriage Act 1955. Books Audiobooks Comics. Registration of hindu marriages under marriage act, 1955. This type of wedding is now most prevalent among Hindus in modern India. This form of marriage occurred in ancient times when yajna sacrifices were prevalent. Arsha marriage . The groom took a vow to fulfill his obligations to the bride and family life (Grihasthashram). Prajapatya marriage . This form of marriage was akin to a civil ceremony. The above four types of marriages were considered prashasta marriages (proper, religiously appropriate under Hinduism), since they contains vows from Vedic scriptures, where both bride and groom commit to each other and share responsibilities to their families. The other four were considered aprashasta (inappropriate), since they do not follow any Vedic rituals and vows. This marriage is entered into without religious ceremonies, and was akin to the Western concept of Common- law marriage. Kama Sutra, as well as Rishi Kanva . This was akin to marrying off a daughter for money. This marriage was considered inappropriate by Hindu Smriti- writers because greed, not what is best for the girl, can corrupt the selection process. The word Rakshasa means devil. Paishacha marriage . The variations may be based on family traditions, local traditions, resources of the marrying families, and other factors. Some of the key rituals are performed in slightly different ways in different regions. These are a few key rituals common in a North Indian Hindu wedding ceremony, these practices were recently followed by some upper castes of South India as well. It is called the seven step ritual, where each step corresponds to a vow groom makes to bride, and a vow the bride makes to groom. The vows are pronounced in Sanskrit in long form, or short quicker form, sometimes also in the language of the groom and bride. In many weddings, Saptapadi is performed near a fire; and after each of the seven oaths to each other, the groom and bride perform the ritual of agnipradakshinam . The groom usually leads the bride in the walk. Many of this Tamil traditions were still prevalent among Nair community of Kerala, and some communities of Tamil Nadu. These tradition of simple marriage still performed in Guruvayur Temple in Kerala. In this picture, the father's hand is on the left, the bride and groom are on the right. The Kanyadaan ceremony is performed by the father. The father brings the daughter, then takes the bride's hand and places it to the groom's. This marks the beginning of the ceremony of giving away the bride. The groom accepts the bride's hand, while the kama- sukta (hymn to love) is pronounced, in the presence of the father, the bride and the groom. The Kamasukta verse is. The groom promises to the bride's father that he shall never fail her in his pursuit of dharma, artha and kama. The scarf is then worn by the groom. Special thread is blessed with religious incantations. Divorce under the hindu marriage act, 1955 in family law. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; An Act to amend and codify the law relating to marriage. PDF file of the Hindu Marriage Act; Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010. The thread is then used to tie the right hands of bride and groom. This is a symbol of new eternal unity. Panigrahana. Sometimes, this ritual is preceded by vivaha- homa rite, wherein a symbolic fire is lit by the groom to mark the start of a new household. The groom faces west, while the bride sits in front of him with her face to the east, he holds her hand while the following Rg vedic mantra is recited. The whole ceremony was timed around an auspicious time (. This depiction is seen in Madurai Meenakshi Temple. Auspicious items like a coconut, betel leaves, and nuts are placed on the hands of the bride. And over it is placed a yoke. The gold Mangal Sutra or Thali is placed on the aperture of the yoke, and water is poured though the aperture. One of the ancient poem in Tamil describes the actual marriage ceremony as follows . On the floor of a pandal built on long rows of wooden columns was spread freshly brought sand. House lamps were lighted. The bride and the bridegroom were adorned with flower- garlands. In the beautiful morning of the day of the bent, bright moon, when the stars shed no evil influence, some women carrying pots on the head, others bearing new, broad bowls, handed them one after another while fair elderly dames were making much noise. Mothers of sons, with bellies marked with beauty- spots, wearing beautiful ornaments, poured water on the bride, so that her black hair shone bright with cool petals of flowers and rice- grains (which had been mixed with the water), and at the same time they blessed her, saying . On the night after the marriage ceremony was over, the neighbouring ladies assembled, (dressed the bride in new clothes) and sent her to the arms of her lover, to which she went with trepidation. The ritual depicted in dharma texts, but lost its dominant position in North Indian wedding but still part of an important ritual in South India. The tied clothing, represents lifelong bond formed during the seven promises ritual with fire as witness. The Saptapadi (Sanskrit for seven steps/feet), is the most important ritual of Vedic Hindu weddings, and represents the legal part of Hindu marriage. Elsewhere, the groom holds the bride's right hand in his own right hand. Usually, the bride leads the groom in the first circuit. In North India, the first six circuits are led by the bride, and the final one by the groom. We shall share love, share the same food, share our strengths, share the same tastes. We shall be of one mind, we shall observe the vows together. I shall be the Samaveda, you the Rigveda, I shall be the Upper World, you the Earth; I shall be the Sukhilam, you the Holder . You have become mine forever. Yes, we have become partners. Hereafter, I cannot live without you. Do not live without me. Let us share the joys. We are word and meaning, united. You are thought and I am sound. May the night be honey- sweet for us. May the morning be honey- sweet for us. May the earth be honey- sweet for us. May the heavens be honey- sweet for us. May the plants be honey- sweet for us. May the sun be all honey for us. May the cows yield us honey- sweet milk. As the heavens are stable, as the earth is stable, as the mountains are stable, as the whole universe is stable, so may our union be permanently settled. I promise to respect your wishes, and nourish your friends and family as well. Step 2 Groom's vow: O!, thoughtful and beautiful lady, with a well managed home, with purity of behavior and thought, you will enable us to be strong, energetic and happy. Together, I promise, to keep a home that is healthy, strength and energy giving. Step 3 Groom's vow: O!, skillful and beautiful lady, I promise to devote myself to earning a livelihood by fair means, to discuss, and let you manage and preserve our wealth. I promise to seek your consent, as I manage our wealth, fairly earned, so it grows and sustains our family. Step 4 Groom's vow: O!, dear lady, I promise to trust your decisions about the household and your choices; I promise to dedicate myself to help our community prosper, the matters outside the house. This shall bring us respect. It shall win us future. They are a source of yoghurt, milk, ghee and income, all useful for our family, necessary for our happiness. Step 6 Groom's vow: O!, lovely lady, I seek you and only you, to love, to have children, to raise a family, to experience all the seasons of life. Through life's seasons, I will cherish you in my heart. I will worship you and seek to complete you. Step 7 Groom's vow: O friends!, allow us to cover the seventh step together, this promise, our Saptapad- friendship. Please be my constant wife. Step 7 Bride's vow: Yes, today, I gained you, I secured the highest kind of friendship with you. I will remember the vows we just took and adore you forever sincerely with all my heart. After the seventh step, the two become husband and wife. Saptapadi . Which meant a marriage without a Brahmin priest and Saptapadi, the couple going around a fire seven times is not needed. Madras High Court said while upholding an amendment made 4. Tamil Nadu government. In South India, groom leads the bride around the sanctum sanctorum or holy trees instead of holy fire. Painted by American painter Edwin Weeks. Above is a symbolic arrival of the groom on a horse (baraat), in Nottingham, England. In front is the band. Many Hindu weddings start with the Milne (meeting) and Swagatam (welcome) ceremony. 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